辐射灭菌技术是一种新型的、最为安全有效的食品灭菌技术,该技术是通过利用原子能射线的能量引起微生物死亡,从而达到杀菌的目的,具有灭菌彻底,无毒、无残留,绿色环保。低能耗、节约能源的优点。商业上多利用钴60产生的γ-射线和电子加速器产生的低于10MeV电子束来进行辐射灭菌。要达到安全高效的灭菌效果,辐射灭菌后的食品既要符合食品卫生微生物检验的指标要求,又要尽可能用低的辐射剂量进行照射。在此,以γ射线灭菌为例分析一下影响灭菌效果的主要影响因素。
一、初始菌含量
食品的灭菌效果与初始含菌量密切相关。人们通过大量的实验发现,初始含菌量越多,灭菌时所需照射的剂量越大。因此,当某种食品污染的类型和程度已经知道时,也就可通过测定初始含菌量,从理论上就能计算出辐射灭菌所需的剂量。用适当的剂量进行照射,既能够达到灭菌的目的,又能保持食品的营养和风味。在食品生产时,应将产品的初始含菌量控制在最低水平,初始含菌量越低,消毒或灭菌的效果越好。食品的辐照灭菌是在原有食品品质优良的基础上来进行的,以长期保持其新鲜和优良品质。因此原有食品的质量必须要有保证,不允许用已变质或细菌繁殖很多的次劣食品来进行辐射灭菌。
二、微生物的辐射耐受性
不同种类的微生物对辐射的耐受性是不同的,在同属、同种甚至同种间的不同菌株间,变化幅度都很大,有的相差可能高达100倍。食品中最能耐受辐射处理的微生物为肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌,试验资料介绍γ一射线辐射杀死肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌A型的最低剂量为45kGy。通常情况下,芽孢杆菌和梭状芽孢杆菌所产生的细菌芽孢的耐辐射性明显比营养型菌体强。
不产芽孢的细菌中,革兰氏阳性细菌一般比革兰氏阴性细菌耐辐射;在真菌类微生物中,酵母的耐辐射}生比霉菌强,假丝酵母属的酵母也有的耐辐射性与细菌芽孢相同,霉菌的耐辐射性与无芽孢细菌相同或略低。从食品中常有的微生物种类上来看,耐辐射性依次为芽胞菌>酵母菌>霉菌>革兰氏阳性菌>革兰氏阴性菌。芽胞比繁殖体对辐射更有耐受陛,微生物在生长期时对辐照更敏感。所以,辐射灭菌需要用多大的照射剂量,不仅要了解微生物污染的程度,即初始含菌量,还要了解污染微生物的种类,这样才能用最少量的射线最理想的减少微生物。
三、含水量
食品中的含水量也会影响辐照灭菌的效果。因为在干燥状态下照射,生成的游离基因失去了水的连续相而变得不能移动,游离基等的辐射间接作用就会随之降低,因而辐射作用显著减弱。所以对于同一类食品,在其它条件相同的情况下,要达到相同的灭菌效果,含水量低的比高的需要更高的辐射剂量。在对某种食品进行辐射灭菌处理前,首先要了解食品的基本情况和要达到的技术指标,然后再综合考虑以上谈到的影响因素,来确定辐射剂量,以保证辐射食品的安全性和高质量。
四、含氧量
辐射处理时,食品包装袋中有无分子态对杀菌效果有着显著的影响。一般情况下,杀菌效果因氧的存在而增强。对细菌芽孢,用γ一射线或电子束照射,空气环境下的敏感性大于真空和含氮环境下的敏感性。辐射时是否需要氧,要根据辐射处理对象、性状、处理的目的和贮存环境条件等加以综合考虑。辐射可使空气中的氧电离,形成臭氧。因此,高蛋白质和脂肪含量的食品应采用真空包装或真空充氮包装,以减少臭氧对蛋白质和脂肪的氧化作用。对于水果、蔬菜之类需低剂量辐照处理的食品来说,虽然辐射氧化并不是主要作用,但也可以采用小包装或密封包装,防止二次污染,同时形成低氧环境,使后熟变慢。另外为防止维生素损失可在充氮环境中进行辐射处理。
五、温度
在常温范围内,温度对辐射灭菌效果的影响不大。在0℃以下进行辐射,温度对辐射杀菌的影响结果表现不一,要视菌的种类而定。研究结果表明,γ-射线对肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌的芽孢在0-65℃的范围内,温度对杀菌没有影响。在0~ -196℃范围内,γ-射线对肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌进行辐照,温度越低,其抗辐射性越强。单从杀灭微生物的效果来看,辐射时的温度对此影响不大。之所以在辐射时考虑温度对效果的影响,主要是因为肉类食品在高剂量照射情况下会引起的物理变化和化学变化,产生一种特殊的“辐射味”。在低温条件下辐射,可以减少辐射时产生的游离基的活性,减少食品成分的断裂和分解,以防止食品成分的氧化,减少辐射味的产生。对于肉类、禽类等含蛋白质较丰富的动物I生食品,辐射处理最好在低温下进行,这样可以有效地保证质量。速冻处理的动物l生食品在-4O~ -8℃范围内进行辐射处理效果最好。
还有—个影响是辐射时温度越低,食品中维生素损失小。试验资料显示,在-75℃下照射食品,食品中的维生素几乎没有损失。冷冻橘汁中的维生素C在9kGy剂量照射下也未损失。所以,需要根据食品种类和指标要求来确定辐射温度,选取适宜的温度进行辐射,才能保证辐照食品的质量。
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)
GEX辐照灭菌指示标签
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